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Introduction

Air pollution, particularly particulate matter (PM), poses significant challenges to local economies, influencing sectors such as health, industry, and environmental management. The intricate relationship between particulate air pollution and economic growth, along with its multifaceted impacts, warrants a comprehensive exploration to understand and mitigate its effects.

Economic Growth and Pollution Dynamics Economic activities, notably in manufacturing and mining, are often associated with increased levels of particulate pollution (Leffel et al., 2021)(Leffel, B., Tavasoli, N., Liddle, B., Henderson, K. E., & Kiernan, S., 2021). Conversely, growth in service sectors like public administration, environmental, and health services has been linked to pollution abatement. This dichotomy reflects the varying impacts of different economic sectors on air quality. In addition, Stern and Zha (2016)(Stern, D., & Zha, D., 2016) observed that economic growth, along with factors like income convergence and time-related effects, contributed to reducing PM concentrations in China, highlighting the potential for economic development to align with environmental objectives.
Trade and Pollution The impact of trade, both domestic and international, on particulate emissions is significant. Meng et al. (2016)(Meng, J., Liu, J., Guo, S., Huang, Y., & Tao, S., 2016) found that in Beijing, domestic trade played a dominant role in PM2.5 emissions, underlining the importance of regional and national policies in air quality management. This interplay between local demand, exports, and particulate emissions underscores the complexity of managing air quality in urban economic hubs.
Health and Environmental Impacts Particulate pollution, especially PM2.5, is a pressing health concern in many regions. Wu et al. (2017)(Wu, C., Woodward, A., Li, Y. R., Kan, H., Balasubramanian, R., Latif, M. T., Sahani, M., Cheng, T., Chio, C., Taneepanichskul, N., Kim, H., Chan, C., Yi, S., Withers, M., & Samet, J., 2017) emphasized the urgent need for regulations and policies addressing PM2.5 pollution in Pacific Rim economies, due to its adverse effects on public health. Crippa et al. (2019)(Crippa, M., Janssens‑Maenhout, G., Guizzardi, D., Van Dingenen, R., & Dentener, F., 2019) highlighted the significant contributions of different anthropogenic emission sources to PM2.5 concentrations, further emphasizing the need for targeted emission control strategies.
Transportation and Urban Pollution Urban transportation, particularly freight transport, has been identified as a major contributor to particulate pollution in cities (Kijewska, Konicki, & Iwan, 2016)(Kijewska, K., Konicki, W., & Iwan, S., 2016). The localized nature of transport emissions necessitates city-specific solutions, emphasizing the role of urban planning and policy in mitigating air pollution.
Policy Implications and Future Directions The challenge of managing air pollution is multidimensional, involving health, environmental, and economic considerations. Effective policy-making requires a nuanced understanding of these dimensions, informed by robust scientific evidence and tailored to local contexts. The studies reviewed here offer insights into the complex dynamics of particulate pollution and its economic implications, highlighting the need for integrated approaches to air quality management.

Conclusion

The reviewed literature underscores the intricate relationship between particulate air pollution and local economies. Effective mitigation strategies require an understanding of the diverse economic, health, and environmental dimensions of air pollution, emphasizing the need for integrated, multi-sectoral policy approaches.