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Designing a secure login system involves multiple layers of security measures to ensure that only authorized users gain access. Here's a detailed plan for a robust and secure login system:

1. User Interface (UI) Considerations:

Input Validation: Ensure fields like username and password adhere to defined formats to prevent SQL injection or other attacks.
Error Messages: Provide generic error messages to avoid giving hints to potential attackers about the validity of usernames or passwords.
Rate Limiting: Implement rate limiting on login attempts to prevent brute force attacks.

2. Username and Password Management:

Password Complexity: Enforce strong password policies (minimum length, use of uppercase, lowercase, numbers, and special characters).
Password Storage: Use salted hashing (like bcrypt) for storing passwords securely.
Username Policy: Avoid using email addresses as usernames to reduce exposure of user emails.

3. Authentication Process:

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): Implement MFA using a combination of something the user knows (password), something the user has (mobile device), and something the user is (biometrics).
Session Management: Create secure, time-limited sessions post-login and ensure proper session termination on logout.

4. Security Features:

SSL/TLS Encryption: Use HTTPS to encrypt data transmitted between the client and server.
CAPTCHA: Integrate CAPTCHAs to prevent automated login attempts.
Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) Protection: Implement anti-CSRF tokens in login forms.

5. Backend Security:

Secure Database Access: Use parameterized queries to interact with databases and prevent SQL injection.
Firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems: Deploy these to monitor and block suspicious activities.
Regular Security Audits: Regularly audit the system for vulnerabilities.

6. Compliance and Best Practices:

Data Protection Laws Compliance: Ensure compliance with GDPR, CCPA, or other relevant data protection regulations.
Regular Updates: Keep all software components up to date to protect against known vulnerabilities.
Employee Training: Educate staff about security best practices and potential phishing attempts.

7. Advanced Features (Optional):

Risk-Based Authentication: Adjust authentication requirements based on the risk profile of the login attempt (e.g., unusual location or device).
Biometric Authentication: Integrate fingerprint or facial recognition as an additional authentication factor.

8. Incident Response Plan:

Monitoring and Alerts: Implement logging and real-time alerts for suspicious activities.
Incident Response Protocol: Have a clear plan for responding to security breaches, including communication strategies and steps to mitigate damage.

By incorporating these elements, the login system will be robust against various types of cyber threats, ensuring the security and privacy of user data. Continuous monitoring and regular updates to the system in line with emerging threats and best practices are crucial for maintaining long-term security.