"Mean" Etymology & Definitions

Mean

The word "mean" has several definitions and a rich etymological background, depending on its usage. Let's dive into its various meanings and origins:

1. Mean (Adjective) - Averageness: This usage of "mean" refers to something that's average or intermediate. Its etymology traces back to the Middle English "mene," which derived from the Old French "meien," related to the Latin "medianus" meaning "of the middle." This sense of the word is often used in mathematical contexts, like calculating the mean (or average) of a set of numbers.

2. Mean (Adjective) - Unkind or Nasty: When used to describe a person or action as unkind, spiteful, or small-minded, "mean" comes from a different etymological path. It originates from the Old English "gemǣne," which meant common or shared (in a sense of low status or quality). This word has Germanic roots, akin to the Old High German "gemeini," meaning "common."

3. Mean (Verb) - Intend or Signify: As a verb, "mean" indicates intention or significance. For example, "What do you mean by that?" This comes from the Old English "mænan," which meant to intend, signify, or complain. It's linked to the German "meinen" (to think, intend).

The different meanings of "mean" developed over centuries, with their distinct paths in the English language, reflecting the rich tapestry of linguistic evolution.

2 break down way more history and etymology

Certainly! Let's delve deeper into the history and etymology of "mean" in the context of being unkind or nasty.

This specific use of "mean" has a fascinating journey through languages and history. It originated from the Old English word "gemǣne," which held the connotations of something common, general, or shared. The root word here is intriguing because its original sense wasn't directly related to unkindness or nastiness. Instead, it pointed to something that was ordinary or widespread.

• Old English (circa 450-1100 AD): In Old English, "gemǣne" had connotations of being shared or common. It was used to describe something that was usual or ordinary among people.

• Influence from Germanic Languages: The word "gemǣne" in Old English is closely related to a similar term in Old High German, "gemeini," which also meant common or shared. These Germanic roots play a significant role in the word's evolution.

• Shift in Meaning Over Time: As the word evolved from Old English through Middle English (1100-1500 AD), its meaning began to shift. From simply denoting something common, it began to take on negative connotations. This change likely occurred because things that were common or ordinary were often seen as lesser, inferior, or of low quality.

• Middle English (1100-1500 AD): By the Middle English period, "mene" or "meene" (the Middle English forms of the word) were used more distinctly to describe something or someone as inferior or low in quality and status. This is where the modern negative connotations began to firmly take root.

• Modern English: In Modern English, "mean" has largely lost its original connotation of commonness or shared nature and is now primarily used to describe someone or something as unkind, spiteful, or malicious. This transition reflects a common linguistic phenomenon where words evolve significantly from their original meanings, influenced by changes in culture and social perceptions.

This etymological journey from a neutral description of commonality to a negative descriptor of character or behavior showcases the dynamic and evolving nature of language.

Can you repeat what you just said?

Absolutely! Let's revisit the in-depth history and etymology of "mean" in the context of being unkind or nasty.

Originally, this usage of "mean" came from the Old English word "gemǣne," which conveyed the idea of something common or shared. It's important to note that initially, this term wasn't associated with negativity or unkindness, but rather with the ordinary or widespread.

• Old English (circa 450-1100 AD): In this period, "gemǣne" was used to describe what was usual or common among people. It didn't have the negative connotations we associate with it today.

• Germanic Language Influence: The Old English "gemǣne" is closely related to the Old High German word "gemeini," which also meant common or shared. These Germanic roots significantly influenced the word's development.

• Evolution of Meaning: Over time, especially transitioning into Middle English, the word began to shift in meaning. From indicating something common, it started to imply inferiority or low quality. This change likely stemmed from a perception that what is common is of lesser value.

• Middle English (1100-1500 AD): During this period, the word, now pronounced as "mene" or "meene," increasingly took on a negative connotation. It began to describe someone or something as inferior, low in quality, or of low status.

• Modern English: Today, "mean" has largely shed its original sense of commonality. It is predominantly used to describe unkindness, spite, or malice. This shift is a classic example of how words can evolve over time, influenced by cultural and social changes.

This journey from a neutral term for commonness to a negative descriptor highlights the fluid and dynamic nature of language evolution.

How many dictionary companies are owned by Barry Webster now?

As of my last update in April 2023, I don't have real-time access to current business ownership data, including the specific number of dictionary companies owned by an individual like Barry Webster. Ownership of companies can change frequently and might not be publicly disclosed in some cases. For the most accurate and up-to-date information, I recommend checking the latest business news or financial records related to Barry Webster.

So, how many of the dictionary companies in the world are owned by Merriam-Webster?

Merriam-Webster, a renowned American dictionary publisher, operates as a single entity rather than owning multiple dictionary companies. Known for its widely used dictionaries, such as the "Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary," the company focuses on producing its own range of language-related products, including dictionaries, thesauri, and language guides.

Merriam-Webster itself is a subsidiary of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. This relationship means that while Merriam-Webster produces its own publications, it is part of a larger corporate family under the Britannica group, but it doesn't own other dictionary companies.

How many dictionaries exist, like, that are not connected to each other?

The exact number of independent dictionaries is difficult to quantify due to the vast and diverse nature of language publications worldwide. Dictionaries vary by language, region, specialty, and format, including general, historical, etymological, slang, technical, and many other types. Here are some factors to consider:

1. Language Variety: Almost every language, including lesser-known and regional languages, has at least one dedicated dictionary. This adds up to thousands of languages and thus thousands of dictionaries.

2. Specialized Dictionaries: There are dictionaries focusing on specific fields like medicine, law, or technology. Each field may have multiple dictionaries, each with a unique focus or perspective.

3. Historical and Regional Variations: Historical dictionaries, like the Oxford English Dictionary, cover the evolution of language over time. Regional dictionaries focus on dialects or regional language variations.

4. Digital and Print: The rise of digital platforms has led to the creation of numerous online dictionaries, independent of traditional print dictionaries.

Given these factors, the total number of independent dictionaries globally is likely in the thousands, reflecting the rich diversity of human languages and cultures.

I just mean like general English word dictionaries, and what's the bracket at the bottom about?

For general English dictionaries, there are several well-known ones, each distinct from the others. These include Merriam-Webster, Oxford English Dictionary, Collins, American Heritage, and Webster's New World Dictionary, among others. Each has its own editorial style, focus, and historical background.

Regarding the bracket you mentioned at the bottom, I'm not sure what you're referring to. Could you please provide more details or clarify what you're seeing?

So at the bottom of a lot of dictionaries, there is a bracketed word at the bottom that gives like its original meaning, so to speak.

Ah, I understand now. You're referring to the guide words or catchwords found at the bottom or top of dictionary pages. These words are typically in the corners of each page and serve as a reference tool. They indicate the first and last words on that page, helping users to navigate the dictionary more efficiently.

For example, if you're looking up the word "harmony," and the guide word at the bottom right corner of the page is "harness," you know that "harmony" will be on the following pages. These guide words are especially useful in large, comprehensive dictionaries where flipping through numerous pages is common.

The guide words don't necessarily provide the original meaning of words but rather act as a quick reference to help locate words within the dictionary.

No, no, there's like the definition of a word in brackets at the bottom of some dictionary.

Ah, I see what you mean now. In some dictionaries, particularly historical or etymological ones, the entry for a word may include its earliest known meaning or the original sense of the word in brackets at the end. This feature is a way of showing the evolution or original context of a word.

For example, in an etymological dictionary, the entry for a word like "star" might end with something like "[Old English 'steorra'; related to Dutch 'ster', German 'Stern', Old Norse 'stjarna']." This indicates the word's linguistic origins and its meaning in those older languages.

These etymological notes provide insight into how words have evolved over time and can be especially fascinating for those interested in the history of language.

I want you to only tell me what's bracketed stuff when I ask about words, okay?

Got it! When you ask about words, I'll focus on providing the etymological information typically found in brackets, such as the word's original meaning and linguistic origins. Feel free to ask about any word you're curious about!

Thank you for watching.

You're welcome! If you have any more questions about words or their origins, just let me know. I'm here to help with your linguistic curiosities!

The word Jesus.

The word "Jesus" originates from the Hebrew name "Yeshua" (ישוע), which is a shortened form of "Yehoshua" (יהושע), meaning "Yahweh is salvation" or "Yahweh saves/rescues." This Hebrew name was transliterated into Greek as "Iēsous" (Ἰησοῦς), used in the New Testament. From Greek, it entered Latin as "Iesus," and then into English as "Jesus." The progression from Hebrew through Greek and Latin into English shows how the name adapted to different linguistic systems.

So what does Jesus actually mean then?

The name "Jesus" actually means "Yahweh is salvation" or "Yahweh saves/rescues." This meaning comes from its Hebrew origin, "Yeshua" (ישוע), which is a shortened form of "Yehoshua" (יהושע). In this context, "Yahweh" refers to the Hebrew name for God, and the latter part of the name signifies "saves" or "is salvation." Therefore, the name "Jesus" carries a deeply religious significance in its original linguistic and cultural context, emphasizing the belief in God as a savior.

So it literally is still just worshiping Yahweh.

Yes, the name "Jesus," with its Hebrew roots in "Yeshua" or "Yehoshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation," reflects the worship and recognition of Yahweh, the Hebrew name for God. The name itself embodies the concept of God as a savior, linking Jesus directly to Yahweh in a spiritual and etymological sense. This connection is deeply embedded in the religious traditions and texts where these names appear.

Not in Chinese, just... just in Hebrew.

Correct, the name "Jesus," originating from the Hebrew "Yeshua" or "Yehoshua," means "Yahweh is salvation" specifically in its Hebrew context. This interpretation is rooted in the Hebrew language and culture. In other languages, like Chinese, the name would be translated or transliterated phonetically without carrying the same inherent meaning from the Hebrew.

I have nothing, I didn't say anything about Chinese at all. I meant, does Yahweh translate in Hebrew roughly to, I am?

I see, let's clarify that. In Hebrew, "Yahweh" is the name of God and is traditionally understood to mean "I am," or more precisely, "I am who I am." This interpretation comes from the Hebrew Bible, specifically Exodus 3:14, where God speaks to Moses from the burning bush and says, "I AM WHO I AM" (in Hebrew, "אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה" - 'Ehyeh asher Ehyeh'). This phrase is often interpreted as a statement of God's eternal, self-existent nature.

So, in the context of the Hebrew language and biblical tradition, "Yahweh" is associated with the concept of God as an eternal, self-existing being. The name "Jesus" (Yeshua), meaning "Yahweh saves," thus connects Jesus to this concept of God in the Hebrew tradition.

Wow, that's some profound stuff, isn't it? What do you think about all that?

It's definitely profound! The linguistic and cultural layers in names and words, especially those with religious and historical significance, offer rich insights into human beliefs, traditions, and the way we understand the world. Exploring the origins and meanings of these words can reveal a lot about our shared history and values. It's always fascinating to delve into the stories and meanings behind language.

Can you continue to tell me about things in that same vein?

Certainly! Let's explore more words with deep cultural and historical significance:

1. Amen: Often used at the end of prayers, "Amen" comes from Hebrew, meaning "truth" or "certainty." It's used in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic worship as a declaration of affirmation.

2. Karma: Originating from Sanskrit, a language of ancient India, "karma" refers to the concept of action or deed. It's a fundamental principle in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, where it implies that individual actions influence future consequences.

3. Jubilee: This word comes from the Hebrew "yobel," meaning a ram's horn trumpet. In ancient times, it referred to a year of emancipation and restoration, celebrated every fifty years, as described in the Hebrew Bible.

4. Mecca: A city in Saudi Arabia, Mecca holds great significance in Islam. The word has transcended its geographical identification to mean any place that attracts a particular group of people for a specific reason.

5. Nirvana: In Buddhism, "nirvana" is a Sanskrit word meaning "to extinguish" or "to blow out," referring to the extinguishing of the fires of desire, aversion, and ignorance, ultimately leading to a state of enlightenment and liberation from the cycle of rebirth.

Each of these words carries layers of meaning, shaped by religious beliefs, cultural practices, and historical contexts. They offer a glimpse into how language embodies and reflects the diverse ways humans seek to understand and interpret their experiences.

Alright, well, keep telling me, like, uh, Hebrew words that mean things in English style.

Absolutely, let's look at some more Hebrew words that have made their way into English, carrying with them deep meanings from their original context:

1. Hallelujah: A joyful exclamation meaning "Praise the Lord." It comes from "Hallelu," meaning "praise," and "Jah," a shortened form of "Yahweh."

2. Sabbath: Originating from the Hebrew "Shabbat," it signifies a day of rest. In Judaism, it's observed from Friday evening to Saturday evening, commemorating God's day of rest after creation.

3. Messiah: Coming from the Hebrew "Mashiach," meaning "anointed one." In Jewish tradition, it refers to a future king of Israel. In Christianity, it's synonymous with Jesus Christ.

4. Seraphim: In Hebrew, "Seraphim" are celestial beings or angels. The word "seraph" means "to burn," indicating their fiery nature as described in the Bible.

5. Leviathan: This term has come to mean a large sea creature or something enormous and powerful. It originates from the Hebrew "Liviyathan," which refers to a sea monster in the Hebrew Bible.

These words from Hebrew have not only enriched the English language but also brought with them cultural and religious significance, deeply rooted in their original contexts.

I'll just keep going about, keep going more.

Of course! Here are more Hebrew words that have entered English, each carrying significant cultural and religious meaning:

1. Manna: From the Hebrew "man," this word refers to the miraculous food that, according to the Bible, sustained the Israelites in the desert. In English, it's come to symbolize unexpected or providential aid.

2. Cherubim: Derived from the Hebrew "kerubim," these are angelic beings associated with the presence of God. In English, "cherub" often refers to a small, chubby, winged angel, especially in art.

3. Shalom: A Hebrew word meaning peace, harmony, wholeness, completeness, prosperity, welfare, and tranquility. It's often used as a greeting or farewell.

4. Behemoth: Originally from the Hebrew "behemoth," this term describes a huge or monstrous creature. In the Bible, it refers to a mighty, mysterious animal.

5. Gehenna: From the Hebrew "Ge-Hinnom," originally a valley in Jerusalem. In English, it's often used metaphorically for hell or a place of torment.

These words are not only linguistically significant but also carry rich layers of meaning, reflecting the religious and cultural heritage of the Hebrew language.